PFAS testing in Arizona measures the concentration of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in drinking water, groundwater, and wastewater using EPA-approved Methods 533 and 537.1. With the 2024 EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels now enforceable at 4 parts per trillion for PFOA and PFOS individually, Arizona water systems must complete initial monitoring and achieve compliance by defined deadlines through 2029.

What Are PFAS and Why Do They Matter in Arizona?

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of more than 14,000 synthetic chemicals that have been manufactured and used in industrial and consumer products since the 1940s. Known colloquially as “forever chemicals,” PFAS do not break down naturally in the environment and accumulate in water sources, soil, and biological tissue over time. Their persistence makes them one of the most significant environmental contamination challenges of the 21st century.

Arizona’s Unique PFAS Vulnerability

Arizona faces distinct PFAS contamination risks that set it apart from many other states. The state’s reliance on groundwater, which supplies approximately 40% of Arizona’s total water demand, creates a direct pathway for PFAS to reach drinking water supplies. Unlike surface water systems that benefit from dilution and natural degradation processes, groundwater contamination tends to be concentrated and persistent.

Several factors amplify Arizona’s PFAS exposure:

• Military installations: Arizona hosts numerous active and former military bases, including Luke Air Force Base, Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Fort Huachuca, and the former Williams Air Force Base. Decades of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) use during firefighting training exercises have contaminated groundwater plumes surrounding these facilities. The Department of Defense has identified multiple PFAS contamination sites across Arizona.
• Semiconductor and aerospace manufacturing: The Phoenix metropolitan area and Tucson are home to significant semiconductor fabrication and aerospace manufacturing operations, both of which historically used PFAS-containing chemicals in production processes.
• Arid climate concentration effects: Arizona’s high evaporation rates and low precipitation mean that PFAS in water sources become more concentrated over time rather than being diluted by rainfall or snowmelt. This concentration effect can push borderline detections above regulatory thresholds.
• Reclaimed water use: Arizona leads the nation in water reclamation and reuse. While this is an essential conservation strategy, conventional wastewater treatment does not remove PFAS, meaning reclaimed water used for irrigation, aquifer recharge, and industrial purposes can redistribute these chemicals across the landscape.

The 2024 EPA PFAS Maximum Contaminant Levels: What Changed

On April 10, 2024, the EPA finalized the first-ever national drinking water standards for PFAS under the Safe Drinking Water Act. This rule represents the most significant expansion of drinking water regulation in over two decades and directly affects every public water system in Arizona.

Individual PFAS Limits

The rule establishes Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs) for six specific PFAS compounds:

• PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid): 4 parts per trillion (ppt)
• PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid): 4 ppt
• PFHxS (perfluorohexane sulfonic acid): 10 ppt
• PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid): 10 ppt
• HFPO-DA (hexafluoropropylene oxide dimer acid, also known as GenX): 10 ppt

The Hazard Index Approach for PFAS Mixtures

In addition to individual MCLs, the EPA introduced a Hazard Index (HI) of 1.0 for mixtures of PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA, and PFBS. This means that even if each individual PFAS compound is below its individual limit, the combined effect of multiple PFAS in the same sample can trigger a violation. The Hazard Index is calculated by dividing each compound’s measured concentration by its Health-Based Water Concentration (HBWC) and summing the results. A total above 1.0 constitutes a violation.

This mixture approach reflects the scientific understanding that PFAS health effects are additive and that exposure to multiple PFAS simultaneously increases risk beyond what individual compound limits capture.

Compliance Timeline for Arizona Water Systems

The EPA rule establishes a phased compliance schedule:

• By 2027: All public water systems must complete initial PFAS monitoring using approved analytical methods.
• By 2029: Systems that detect PFAS above MCLs must implement treatment, blending, or alternative source solutions to achieve compliance.
• Ongoing: Quarterly monitoring is required for systems with detections above reporting levels, with potential reduction to annual monitoring after demonstrated compliance.

For Arizona’s approximately 1,600 public water systems, including many small community systems serving fewer than 10,000 people, these deadlines create an urgent need for reliable, cost-effective PFAS analytical testing.

EPA-Approved Analytical Methods for PFAS Testing

The EPA has approved two primary methods for PFAS compliance monitoring in drinking water. Understanding the differences between these methods is important for water system operators selecting a laboratory partner.

EPA Method 537.1

Method 537.1 was published in 2020 as an update to the original Method 537. It analyzes 18 PFAS compounds in drinking water using solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). This method covers all six regulated PFAS compounds and provides detection limits well below the new MCLs.

Key specifications:

• Minimum reporting levels (MRLs) as low as 2 ppt for individual compounds
• Applicable to finished drinking water samples
• Requires 250 mL sample volume in polypropylene containers
• 14-day maximum holding time from collection to extraction

EPA Method 533

Method 533 was specifically developed to address shorter-chain PFAS and replacement chemicals like GenX (HFPO-DA) that are not fully covered by Method 537.1. It uses isotope dilution and LC/MS/MS to analyze 25 PFAS compounds in drinking water.

Key specifications:

• Covers all six regulated compounds plus additional short-chain PFAS
• Detection limits of 2 to 4 ppt for target analytes
• Uses isotope dilution for improved accuracy and precision
• Same 250 mL sample volume and 14-day holding time as Method 537.1

Which Method Should Arizona Water Systems Use?

For full regulatory compliance, many water systems will need results from both methods to cover all six regulated PFAS compounds and accurately calculate the Hazard Index for mixtures. Your laboratory should advise you on the appropriate method or combination of methods based on your system’s monitoring requirements and any historical PFAS data. At AATLS, we run both EPA Method 533 and 537.1, ensuring complete coverage of all regulated analytes in a single submission. Visit our testing services page for method details.

ADEQ’s Role in PFAS Oversight and the MAP Program

The Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADEQ) is the primary state agency responsible for implementing federal drinking water regulations, including the new PFAS MCLs. Understanding ADEQ’s approach to PFAS is essential for Arizona water system operators navigating compliance.

ADEQ’s Monitoring Assistance Program (MAP)

ADEQ administers the Monitoring Assistance Program (MAP), which provides free or subsidized compliance monitoring for small water systems that might otherwise struggle with the cost of required testing. Under MAP, eligible systems receive sampling supplies, prepaid shipping, and laboratory analysis at no cost for many regulated contaminants.

For PFAS monitoring, MAP is expected to play a critical role in helping Arizona’s smallest water systems meet initial monitoring deadlines. However, MAP capacity is limited, and systems that do not qualify or cannot wait for MAP scheduling will need to engage directly with accredited laboratories for PFAS analysis.

State-Level PFAS Investigation and Remediation

ADEQ has been actively investigating PFAS contamination across Arizona since 2019, with particular focus on areas surrounding military installations and industrial facilities. Notable investigation areas include:

• Tucson International Airport area: Significant PFAS groundwater contamination linked to AFFF use at the airport and adjacent Air National Guard base, with detected PFOA concentrations exceeding 1,000 ppt in some monitoring wells.
• Luke Air Force Base, Glendale: PFAS plume affecting municipal water supply wells, requiring treatment system installation.
• Goodyear/Buckeye area: Emerging PFAS detections in community water systems attributed to industrial and military sources.

ADEQ maintains a public database of PFAS sampling results and investigation updates, which water system operators should monitor for developments relevant to their service areas.

PFAS Testing Costs and Process: What to Expect

Understanding the practical aspects of PFAS testing helps water system operators plan budgets, schedule sampling, and avoid common pitfalls that can lead to invalid results.

Sample Collection Requirements

PFAS sample collection requires strict protocols to avoid contamination from common materials that contain PFAS. Key requirements include:

• Container type: Samples must be collected in laboratory-provided polypropylene containers. Glass containers and containers with PTFE (Teflon) liners must not be used, as they can introduce PFAS contamination.
• Personal protective equipment: Samplers should wear nitrile gloves (not latex) and avoid contact with waterproof clothing, sunscreen, insect repellent, and adhesive labels during sampling, as these products commonly contain PFAS.
• Clothing restrictions: Gore-Tex jackets, Tyvek suits, and clothing treated with stain-resistant coatings should not be worn during PFAS sampling.
• Field equipment: Avoid using equipment with PTFE components, including PTFE tubing, O-rings, or tape near sample collection points.
• Documentation: Record the sampling location, date, time, sampler identity, and any potential contamination sources on the chain of custody form.

Shipping and Holding Times

PFAS samples must reach the laboratory within 14 days of collection for extraction. Samples should be shipped on ice (4 plus or minus 2 degrees Celsius) via overnight or second-day delivery. At AATLS, we provide prepaid shipping labels and sampling kits with the correct containers and preservatives to ensure your samples arrive in acceptable condition.

Cost Considerations for Arizona Water Systems

PFAS testing costs vary depending on the method, number of analytes, and turnaround time. General cost ranges for 2026 include:

• EPA Method 537.1 (18 PFAS compounds): $250 to $450 per sample
• EPA Method 533 (25 PFAS compounds): $300 to $500 per sample
• Combined Method 533 + 537.1 analysis: $400 to $700 per sample
• Rush turnaround (5 business days or less): Additional 50% to 100% surcharge

For water systems with multiple entry points, the total annual monitoring cost can add up quickly. Systems with four entry points requiring quarterly monitoring could face annual PFAS testing costs of $6,400 to $11,200 for combined method analysis. AATLS offers volume pricing for systems requiring ongoing monitoring programs. Contact us for a customized quote based on your system’s specific needs.

Turnaround Time

Standard turnaround for PFAS analysis at AATLS is 10 to 15 business days from sample receipt. Rush turnaround of 5 business days is available for time-sensitive compliance situations. Given the nationwide demand for PFAS testing as the 2027 monitoring deadline approaches, we recommend scheduling your sampling as early as possible to ensure timely results.

Interpreting PFAS Results: What the Numbers Mean

Receiving your PFAS analytical report is only the beginning. Understanding what the results mean in the context of regulatory compliance and public health protection is equally important.

Detection vs. Quantification vs. MCL Exceedance

PFAS results fall into several categories:

• Non-detect (ND): The compound was not detected above the method detection limit (MDL). This does not mean PFAS is absent, only that it was below the limit of detection for that analytical run.
• Detected below the MCL: The compound was detected and quantified but at a concentration below the applicable MCL. No violation, but the system should track trends and consider whether concentrations are increasing over time.
• Detected above the MCL: The compound exceeds the applicable MCL. The system must take action, which may include confirmation sampling, public notification, and treatment installation.

Calculating the Hazard Index

For the four PFAS compounds regulated under the Hazard Index approach (PFHxS, PFNA, HFPO-DA, and PFBS), compliance requires calculating the HI using the formula: HI = (PFHxS concentration / 10 ppt) + (PFNA concentration / 10 ppt) + (HFPO-DA concentration / 10 ppt) + (PFBS concentration / 2,000 ppt). If the sum exceeds 1.0, the system is in violation. Your laboratory report should include the individual concentrations needed for this calculation, and AATLS includes the calculated Hazard Index on reports when these compounds are detected.

What to Do When PFAS Exceeds the MCL

If your water system receives PFAS results above the MCL, the following steps are generally required:

1. Confirmation sampling: Collect and analyze confirmation samples to verify the initial result.
2. Notify ADEQ: Report the exceedance to ADEQ through the CMDP reporting system within the required timeframe.
3. Public notification: Issue public notice to consumers as required under the Safe Drinking Water Act.
4. Evaluate treatment options: Work with engineers and consultants to evaluate granular activated carbon (GAC), ion exchange resin, or reverse osmosis treatment systems.
5. Implement treatment or alternative sources: Install treatment or develop alternative water sources to achieve compliance by 2029.

Treatment Technologies for PFAS in Arizona

When PFAS levels exceed MCLs, water systems must implement treatment solutions. The three primary technologies proven effective for PFAS removal are each suited to different system sizes and contamination profiles.

Granular Activated Carbon (GAC)

GAC adsorption is the most widely used treatment for PFAS removal. Carbon beds adsorb PFAS molecules as water passes through, with removal efficiencies exceeding 95% for long-chain PFAS like PFOA and PFOS. GAC is most cost-effective for systems treating less than 10 million gallons per day and is well-suited to Arizona’s many small and medium community water systems. Operating costs include periodic carbon replacement or reactivation as the adsorptive capacity is exhausted.

Ion Exchange Resin

Single-use anion exchange resins are highly effective for PFAS removal, with greater capacity for short-chain PFAS compared to GAC. This technology is particularly relevant for systems where GenX or other short-chain replacement chemicals are the primary concern. Capital costs are moderate, but ongoing resin replacement costs can be significant for high-flow systems.

Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration

Membrane technologies provide comprehensive PFAS removal exceeding 99% for virtually all PFAS compounds. However, they generate a concentrated waste stream (reject water) that must be managed, and they have higher energy requirements. These technologies are most commonly used for point-of-use applications or small systems where other options are impractical.

Funding Assistance for Arizona PFAS Compliance

The cost of PFAS monitoring and treatment can be substantial, particularly for small water systems. Several funding mechanisms are available to Arizona water systems:

• EPA Bipartisan Infrastructure Law funding: $9 billion nationally allocated for PFAS treatment in small and disadvantaged communities. Arizona has received approximately $170 million in allocated funding through the EPA’s State Revolving Fund programs.
• WIFA (Water Infrastructure Finance Authority of Arizona): Administers revolving loan funds for water system improvements, including PFAS treatment installations. Low-interest loans and principal forgiveness are available for qualifying systems.
• ADEQ technical assistance: Free technical assistance for small systems evaluating treatment options and applying for funding.
• EPA Small System Technical Assistance: Training and guidance specifically designed for systems serving fewer than 10,000 people.

Why Choose AATLS for PFAS Testing in Arizona

Selecting the right laboratory for PFAS analysis is a critical decision that affects data quality, regulatory acceptance, and ultimately your system’s compliance status. AATLS offers distinct advantages for Arizona water systems:

• ISO/IEC 17025 accreditation: Our PFAS testing is performed under full ISO 17025 accreditation, ensuring that results meet the highest standards of analytical quality and are accepted by ADEQ and EPA without question.
• Both EPA Methods 533 and 537.1: We offer both approved methods, providing complete coverage of all six regulated PFAS compounds and the data needed for Hazard Index calculations.
• Arizona-based laboratory: Located in Tucson at 9030 S Rita Rd, Suite 320, our Arizona location means shorter shipping times, lower shipping costs, and a team that understands the specific PFAS challenges facing Arizona water systems.
• Compliance support: Beyond analytical results, our team provides guidance on sampling protocols, result interpretation, ADEQ reporting requirements, and monitoring program design.
• Veteran-owned: AATLS is led by Dr. Glenn Cherry, an Air Force veteran and scientist committed to serving Arizona communities with integrity and excellence.

Learn more about our qualifications on our accreditations page, or explore the full range of testing services we offer.